1. The most general meaning of the notion of "accounting" is: recording of quantities.
The concept of "economic accounting" is extracted from this notion by the definition set out below, then argued. By logical and practical necessity, this concept is cardinal in defined economics.
2. The characteristic of economic accounting is to record economic exchange values.
Monetary amounts express these values, which remain exchangeable even in the case of the use of only an account currency.
C1 is a tax amounts account, C2 is a tax-free purchase amounts account, C3 is a sales amounts account. These three accounts are just as economical as each other. C4 is a cash or bank account with its initial balance, its inflows and outflows, its final balance. The C4 account is just as economical as the previous three. All these accounts, and many others, record economic exchange values, it being understood that a tax or a gift or a theft is, for one of the parties, an unrequited charge of a purchase and, for the other, an unrequited product of a sale.
3. A "stock accounting" is one of the instruments used in management, both of enterprises and of other entities.
In a material accounting, non-monetary quantities are recorded: numbers of pieces, weights or volumes, meters, etc. In this record there is always a record of a starting stock (if necessary zero) and often of the quantities entered. When the recording of the quantities outflowed is added to this, the device is said to constitute a permanent inventory. During the period under consideration, how much of this item came into stock and how much left it? And how much, at this moment, remains in stock? A stock accounting provides the answer, which is accurate in the absence of error or embezzlement.
Although a stock accounting can contribute a lot to better keeping an economic accounting, it is not an accounting. The keeping of economic accounts, often called "general accounts", is only quite frequently ensured by means of one or more stock accounts.
4. At first glance, the categories of economic accounting are the same as the levels of economic observation.
The most global level is that of Macronomy A national accounting system is macronomic. Regional accounting is also required. The intermediate level is that of mesonomy. The so-called general commercial accounting is mesonomic. The finest level of economic accounting is that of micronomy. So-called analytical accounting is micronomic.
5. Commercial accounting and public accounting are two of the four types of mesonomic accounting.
The other two kinds of mesonomic accounting are associative accounting and personal accounting.
Family accounting is associative accounting. Transfers Transfert_Economique of income from parents to the family unit are often implicit. But they become explicit when the spouses keep separate personal accounts and together family accounts.
6. The distinction between the categories of mesonomic accounting is necessary.
In a family that operates a business, family accounting is one thing, business accounting is another. Similarly, in a public entity that carries on a business, the accounting of the entity is one thing and the accounting of the enterprise is another. A specific provision for commercial accounting is nevertheless now applied in associative and public accounting. A lack of economic discernment is being peddled.
7. The theory of macronomic accounting is derived from the theory of mesonomic accounting.
Macronomic accounting is conceived, and maintained, by means of mesonomic accounting and any other statistics. Historically, the design of national accounts has derived more from commercial accounting than from any other kind of mesonomic accounting.
8. The correct theory of national accounts is based on the theory of associative accounting.
The assimilation of a nation to an enterprise is wrong. A national accounting system is economically ill-conceived when it is based on this fault. The assimilation of a nation to a non-commercial legal entity is economically just. The most appropriate conceptual model of national accounts is associative accounting.
9. An economic accounting standard is or is not a good one.
It is good when it helps to avoid making mistakes about the economic situation of the entity in question.
The compliance of economic accounting with the standards in force is verifiable. The complete good quality of economic accounting is not and never will be, while changes in accounting standards for ideological reasons distance us from Systemic Political Economy.
10. On what indisputable axiomatic should the general theory of economic accounting be based?
Well established, this theory provides an indispensable instrument for Systemic Political Economy. A small number of statements provide for its articulation, as shown below in propositions 4.2 to 4.7.